Kundts rör är en anordning för att studera ljudvågor uppfunnen vid mitten av 1860-talet av den tyske fysikern August Kundt (1829 — 1894). Anordningen (se nedanstående figur) består av ett genomskinligt horisontellt placerat glasrör, ett par meter långt och några centimeter i diameter. Rörets ena ände är tilltäppt, och framför den andra änden placeras en ljudkälla med konstant frekvens, numera en högtalare, men på Kundts tid användes musikinstrument. I röret har små lätta partiklar av något slag spritts ut längs bottnen, till exempel korksmulor eller frön av något slag. Vid de frekvenser då en stående våg bildas kommer partiklarna att samlas i trycknoderna. Därmed kan ljudets våglängd mätas. Mellan två närliggande noder är det en halv våglängd.
Wavefronts from a point source in the context of Snell's law. The region below the gray line has a higher index of refraction, and so light traveling through it has a proportionally lower phase speed than in the region above it.
Jocelyn Bell was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where her father was an architect who helped design the Armagh Planetarium. She was encouraged to read and drawn to books on astronomy. She lived in Lurgan as a child and attended Lurgan College where she was one of the first girls there who was permitted to study science. Previously, the girls' curriculum had included such subjects as cross-stitching and cooking.
At age eleven, she failed the 11+ exam and her parents sent her to the Mount School, York, a Quaker girls' boarding school. There she was impressed by a physics teacher, Mr. Tillott, who taught her:
You don't have to learn lots and lots ... of facts; you just learn a few key things, and ... then you can apply and build and develop from those ... He was a really good teacher and showed me, actually, how easy physics was.
Dear Colleagues,
As usual, I am sending you this CERN press release before we issue it
to the media. Unusually this time, however, I feel that it needs a few
words of introduction. The OPERA collaboration has measured the time
of flight of neutrinos sent from CERN to Gran Sasso, along with the
distance they cover. These measurements appear to show that the
neutrinos are travelling faster than light. When a collaboration makes
a surprising observation such as this and is unable to account for it,
the ethics of Science demand that the results be made available to a
wider community, to seek scrutiny and to encourage independent
experiments. That's why when the spokesperson of the OPERA
collaboration asked me whether they could hold a seminar here, I said yes. Given the potential impact of such a measurement, I felt it important for CERN formally to make its position clear. That's the reason for the cautiously worded statement we're sending to the media today.
Best regards,
Rolf Heuer
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