The "hot chocolate effect" was investigated quantitatively, using
water. If a tall glass cylinder is filled nearly completely with water and tapped on the bottom with a softened mallet one can detect the lowest longitudinal mode of the water column, for which the height of the water column is one quarter wavelength. If the cylinder is rapidly filled with hot tap water containing dissolved air the pitch of that mode may descend by nearly three octaves during the first few seconds as the air comes out of solution and forms bubbles. Then the pitch gradually
rises as the bubbles float to the top. A simple theoretical expression for the pitch ratio is derived and compared with experiment. The agreement is good to within the ten percent accuracy of the experiments.
Försök Ställ dig ca 50 m från en stor vägg. Klappa händerna
eller skrik. Du hör då ett eko från väggen.
På samma sätt fungerar ultraljudet. Man skickar in ljudet i mammans mage.
Sedan studsar ljudet på fostret. Genom att mäta hur lång tid det tar för
ljudet att komma tillbaka så kan apparaten rita en bild av fostret.
/GO 1998-03-19
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